{
  "study": "Seotal hreflang study: Southeast Asian locales on Tranco top 83,000 homepages",
  "trancoList": {
    "id": "46VQX",
    "created": "2026-09-12",
    "url": "https://tranco-list.eu/list/46VQX/1000000",
    "ranks": "1 to 83,000"
  },
  "userAgent": "SeotalResearch/1.0 (hreflang study; +https://www.seotal.com/)",
  "fetchWindow": {
    "homepagesFrom": "2026-09-13T15:30:40.564Z",
    "homepagesTo": "2026-09-13T19:47:38.388Z",
    "alternatesFrom": "2026-09-13T15:35:23.065Z",
    "alternatesTo": "2026-09-13T19:48:30.361Z"
  },
  "altCapPerSite": 50,
  "funnel": {
    "tranco": 83000,
    "fetched200": 50497,
    "failures": {
      "robots.txt disallows or unavailable": 2943,
      "other 4xx": 1814,
      "no answer (DNS, TLS, timeout, reset)": 15408,
      "refused (401, 403, 429)": 12160,
      "server error (5xx)": 125,
      "other": 53
    },
    "withHreflang": 11106,
    "withHtmlHreflang": 11021,
    "withHeaderHreflang": 280,
    "withSea": 2507,
    "duplicateHomepages": 199,
    "uniqueSea": 2308,
    "analysed": 2300,
    "latinAmericaOnly": 8,
    "latinAmericaOnlySites": [
      "name.com",
      "blackberry.com",
      "pendo.io",
      "datto.com",
      "crowdstrike.com",
      "athoc.com",
      "duravit.com",
      "onum.com"
    ],
    "notChecked": 0
  },
  "bandFunnel": {
    "1 to 1,000": {
      "domains": 1000,
      "fetched200": 545,
      "withHreflang": 187,
      "withSea": 89
    },
    "1,001 to 10,000": {
      "domains": 9000,
      "fetched200": 5356,
      "withHreflang": 1355,
      "withSea": 377
    },
    "10,001 to 50,000": {
      "domains": 40000,
      "fetched200": 23790,
      "withHreflang": 5306,
      "withSea": 1204
    },
    "50,001 to 83,000": {
      "domains": 33000,
      "fetched200": 20806,
      "withHreflang": 4258,
      "withSea": 837
    }
  },
  "sites": 2300,
  "anyError": {
    "sites": 1221,
    "pct": 53.1
  },
  "checks": {
    "invalid_code": {
      "sites": 377,
      "pct": 16.4
    },
    "missing_self": {
      "sites": 392,
      "pct": 17
    },
    "missing_return": {
      "sites": 434,
      "pct": 18.9
    },
    "alternate_not_200": {
      "sites": 415,
      "pct": 18
    },
    "canonical_elsewhere": {
      "sites": 477,
      "pct": 20.7
    },
    "duplicate_values": {
      "sites": 54,
      "pct": 2.3
    },
    "relative_urls": {
      "sites": 46,
      "pct": 2
    },
    "html_header_conflict": {
      "sites": 25,
      "pct": 1.1
    }
  },
  "xDefault": {
    "used": 1719,
    "notUsed": 581,
    "notUsedPct": 25.3
  },
  "errorCountDist": {
    "0": 1079,
    "1": 609,
    "2": 292,
    "3": 255,
    "4": 63,
    "5": 2
  },
  "twoPlus": 612,
  "twoPlusPct": 26.6,
  "invalidTypes": {
    "reserved_region": 22,
    "language_not_639_1": 594,
    "invalid_region": 224,
    "invalid_language": 80,
    "reversed_order": 292,
    "region_as_language": 104,
    "underscore": 118,
    "malformed": 37,
    "invalid_script": 1,
    "empty": 1
  },
  "invalidValuesTop": [
    [
      "fil",
      94
    ],
    [
      "es-419",
      43
    ],
    [
      "fil-ph",
      18
    ],
    [
      "en-xk",
      17
    ],
    [
      "bn",
      16
    ],
    [
      "en-eu",
      14
    ],
    [
      "ckb",
      12
    ],
    [
      "ceb",
      11
    ],
    [
      "in-id",
      10
    ],
    [
      "en-ac",
      10
    ],
    [
      "my",
      9
    ],
    [
      "vn",
      9
    ],
    [
      "kab",
      8
    ],
    [
      "pt_br",
      8
    ],
    [
      "in",
      8
    ],
    [
      "en-ta",
      8
    ],
    [
      "iw",
      8
    ],
    [
      "en-uk",
      7
    ],
    [
      "zh_cn",
      7
    ],
    [
      "hmn",
      7
    ],
    [
      "ph",
      7
    ],
    [
      "sq-xk",
      6
    ],
    [
      "ast",
      6
    ],
    [
      "zh_tw",
      6
    ],
    [
      "jw",
      6
    ],
    [
      "jp",
      6
    ],
    [
      "cn",
      6
    ],
    [
      "iw-il",
      5
    ],
    [
      "skr",
      5
    ],
    [
      "haw",
      5
    ],
    [
      "sh",
      5
    ],
    [
      "ach",
      4
    ],
    [
      "sco",
      4
    ],
    [
      "en_gb",
      4
    ],
    [
      "pt_pt",
      4
    ],
    [
      "ua",
      4
    ],
    [
      "sa-en",
      4
    ],
    [
      "cz",
      4
    ],
    [
      "yue",
      4
    ],
    [
      "zh-chs",
      4
    ]
  ],
  "invalidValuesSeaTop": [
    [
      "fil",
      94
    ],
    [
      "fil-ph",
      18
    ],
    [
      "in-id",
      10
    ],
    [
      "my",
      9
    ],
    [
      "vn",
      9
    ],
    [
      "ph",
      7
    ],
    [
      "ms-en",
      3
    ],
    [
      "zh-tw-sg",
      3
    ],
    [
      "sg-en",
      3
    ],
    [
      "my-en",
      3
    ],
    [
      "ph-en",
      3
    ],
    [
      "vn-vi",
      3
    ],
    [
      "my-mm",
      2
    ],
    [
      "ceb-ph",
      2
    ],
    [
      "id-en",
      2
    ],
    [
      "th-en",
      2
    ],
    [
      "intl-all_th",
      1
    ],
    [
      "intl-id_id",
      1
    ],
    [
      "intl-all_sg",
      1
    ],
    [
      "intl-en_ph",
      1
    ],
    [
      "intl-en_my",
      1
    ],
    [
      "intl-ms_my",
      1
    ],
    [
      "intl-all_vn",
      1
    ],
    [
      "my_mm",
      1
    ],
    [
      "vi_vn",
      1
    ],
    [
      "id-i̇d",
      1
    ],
    [
      "th-global",
      1
    ],
    [
      "vi-global",
      1
    ],
    [
      "sg",
      1
    ],
    [
      "select one-id",
      1
    ],
    [
      "en_sg",
      1
    ],
    [
      "sg-cf",
      1
    ],
    [
      "vn-vn",
      1
    ],
    [
      "th_th",
      1
    ],
    [
      "tl_ph",
      1
    ],
    [
      "id_id",
      1
    ],
    [
      "my-zh-cn",
      1
    ],
    [
      "mm-mm",
      1
    ],
    [
      "fil-gb",
      1
    ],
    [
      "cn-sg",
      1
    ]
  ],
  "seaValuesTop": [
    [
      "id",
      1141
    ],
    [
      "vi",
      906
    ],
    [
      "th",
      889
    ],
    [
      "en-sg",
      655
    ],
    [
      "ms",
      494
    ],
    [
      "en-my",
      424
    ],
    [
      "en-ph",
      390
    ],
    [
      "id-id",
      353
    ],
    [
      "th-th",
      276
    ],
    [
      "vi-vn",
      260
    ],
    [
      "en-id",
      248
    ],
    [
      "en-th",
      231
    ],
    [
      "tl",
      186
    ],
    [
      "en-vn",
      151
    ],
    [
      "ms-my",
      108
    ],
    [
      "fil",
      94
    ],
    [
      "my",
      85
    ],
    [
      "en-kh",
      75
    ],
    [
      "km",
      67
    ],
    [
      "en-bn",
      62
    ],
    [
      "en-mm",
      53
    ],
    [
      "en-la",
      47
    ],
    [
      "lo",
      44
    ],
    [
      "zh-sg",
      35
    ],
    [
      "tl-ph",
      34
    ],
    [
      "my-mm",
      26
    ],
    [
      "zh-my",
      25
    ],
    [
      "km-kh",
      21
    ],
    [
      "es-la",
      19
    ],
    [
      "fil-ph",
      18
    ],
    [
      "zh-hans-sg",
      12
    ],
    [
      "in-id",
      10
    ],
    [
      "lo-la",
      9
    ],
    [
      "es-sg",
      9
    ],
    [
      "vn",
      9
    ],
    [
      "fr-sg",
      8
    ],
    [
      "ph",
      7
    ],
    [
      "es-ph",
      7
    ],
    [
      "zh-hant-sg",
      7
    ],
    [
      "ms-bn",
      6
    ],
    [
      "km-km",
      6
    ],
    [
      "zh-hans-my",
      6
    ],
    [
      "es-th",
      6
    ],
    [
      "es-my",
      6
    ],
    [
      "es-id",
      6
    ],
    [
      "es-vn",
      6
    ],
    [
      "de-sg",
      6
    ],
    [
      "ja-sg",
      6
    ],
    [
      "jv-id",
      5
    ],
    [
      "ms-sg",
      5
    ],
    [
      "fr-ph",
      5
    ],
    [
      "fr-th",
      5
    ],
    [
      "fr-my",
      5
    ],
    [
      "fr-id",
      5
    ],
    [
      "fr-vn",
      5
    ],
    [
      "it-sg",
      5
    ],
    [
      "vi-vi",
      4
    ],
    [
      "id-sg",
      4
    ],
    [
      "id-tw",
      4
    ],
    [
      "ja-id",
      4
    ]
  ],
  "seaCountrySites": {
    "ID": 1564,
    "TH": 1291,
    "VN": 1262,
    "MY": 960,
    "PH": 699,
    "SG": 679,
    "KH": 160,
    "LA": 119,
    "MM": 158,
    "BN": 72
  },
  "wrongCountry": {
    "sites": 27,
    "values": {
      "vi-vi": 4,
      "ms-ms": 3,
      "es-la": 16,
      "km-km": 6
    }
  },
  "alternates": {
    "total": 63457,
    "checked": 50476,
    "sitesOverCap": 270,
    "status": {
      "ok200": 44546,
      "redirectSamePage": 1158,
      "redirectElsewhere": 1473,
      "notFound": 136,
      "other4xx": 118,
      "refused": 1602,
      "server5xx": 109,
      "dns": 103,
      "noAnswer": 875,
      "robots": 296,
      "xDefaultOnlyNon200": 60
    },
    "statusSea": {
      "ok200": 6097,
      "redirect": 414,
      "client4xx": 43,
      "server5xx": 13,
      "dns": 13,
      "refusedOrNoAnswer": 348
    }
  },
  "returns": {
    "checked": 44546,
    "missing": 6007,
    "nearMiss": 411,
    "altNoHreflang": 710,
    "seaChecked": 6097,
    "seaMissing": 890,
    "missingPct": 13.5,
    "seaMissingPct": 14.6
  },
  "canonical": {
    "checked": 44546,
    "elsewhere": 2763,
    "nearMiss": 1191,
    "homepageElsewhere": 174,
    "elsewherePct": 6.2
  },
  "selfNearMiss": 27,
  "alternatePairs": {
    "checked": 1340642,
    "missing": 16624,
    "sitesChecked": 1864,
    "sitesWithMissing": 202,
    "missingPct": 1.2,
    "sitesWithMissingPct": 10.8
  },
  "indiaLanding": {
    "sites": 144,
    "anyErrorPct": 66,
    "otherSites": 2156,
    "otherAnyErrorPct": 52.2,
    "otherChecksPct": {
      "invalid_code": 16.1,
      "missing_self": 17.6,
      "missing_return": 19.2,
      "alternate_not_200": 16.6,
      "canonical_elsewhere": 21.4,
      "duplicate_values": 1.8,
      "relative_urls": 2.1,
      "html_header_conflict": 1.2
    }
  },
  "sources": {
    "html": 2247,
    "header": 16,
    "both": 37
  },
  "langMismatch": {
    "checked": 5924,
    "mismatch": 319,
    "examples": [
      "apple.com en-ID https://www.apple.com/id/ lang=id-ID",
      "kaspersky.com ms-en https://www.kaspersky.my/ lang=en",
      "asus.com my-MM https://www.asus.com/mm/ lang=mm",
      "kwai.com id https://www.kwai.com/?lang=id lang=en",
      "goal.com vi https://www.goal.com/vn lang=vn",
      "kslawin.com id https://www.kslawin.com/?lang=id lang=en",
      "dlsite.com id https://www.dlsite.com/index.html?locale=id_ID lang=ja",
      "dlsite.com th https://www.dlsite.com/index.html?locale=th_TH lang=ja",
      "dlsite.com vi https://www.dlsite.com/index.html?locale=vi_VN lang=ja",
      "grow.google intl-id_id https://grow.google/intl/id_id/ lang=id",
      "grow.google intl-en_ph https://grow.google/intl/en_ph/ lang=en",
      "grow.google intl-en_my https://grow.google/intl/en_my/ lang=en",
      "grow.google intl-ms_my https://grow.google/intl/ms_my/ lang=ms",
      "bilibili.tv th-th https://www.bilibili.tv/th/ lang=en",
      "bilibili.tv vi-vn https://www.bilibili.tv/vi/ lang=en",
      "bilibili.tv id-id https://www.bilibili.tv/id/ lang=en",
      "bilibili.tv ms-my https://www.bilibili.tv/ms/ lang=en",
      "hihonor.com ms-MY https://www.honor.com/my-bm/ lang=bm-MY",
      "mystrikingly.com vi https://vi.strikingly.com/ lang=en",
      "honor.com ms-MY https://www.honor.com/my-bm/ lang=bm-MY",
      "crypto.com id https://crypto.com/id lang=en",
      "crypto.com vi https://crypto.com/vi lang=en",
      "iq.com th https://www.iq.com/?lang=th_th lang=en",
      "iq.com ms https://www.iq.com/?lang=ms_my lang=en",
      "iq.com id https://www.iq.com/?lang=id_id lang=en",
      "iq.com vi https://www.iq.com/?lang=vi_vn lang=en",
      "picsart.com id https://picsart.com/id/ lang=en",
      "picsart.com th https://picsart.com/th/ lang=en",
      "picsart.com vi https://picsart.com/vi/ lang=en",
      "invisalign.com id-ID https://www.invisalign.co.id/ lang=en",
      "invisalign.com ms-MY https://www.invisalign.com.my/ lang=en",
      "puma.com id-ID https://id.puma.com/in/home lang=en",
      "puma.com th-TH https://th.puma.com/ lang=en",
      "puma.com vi-VN https://vn.puma.com/vn/vi/home lang=en",
      "itunes.com en-ID https://www.apple.com/id/itunes/ lang=id-ID",
      "apple.com.cn en-ID https://www.apple.com/id/ lang=id-ID",
      "airbridge.io vi https://www.airbridge.io/vi lang=en",
      "rentalcars.com my https://www.rentalcars.com/my/ lang=ms",
      "shein.com.mx zh-sg https://sg.shein.com/?language=zh lang=en",
      "shein.com.mx zh-tw-sg https://sg.shein.com/?language=zh-tw lang=en"
    ]
  },
  "bands": {
    "1 to 1,000": {
      "sites": 78,
      "anyError": 44,
      "invalid_code": 19,
      "missing_self": 5,
      "missing_return": 9,
      "alternate_not_200": 23,
      "canonical_elsewhere": 12,
      "duplicate_values": 3,
      "relative_urls": 0,
      "html_header_conflict": 0,
      "anyErrorPct": 56.4,
      "invalid_codePct": 24.4,
      "missing_selfPct": 6.4,
      "missing_returnPct": 11.5,
      "alternate_not_200Pct": 29.5,
      "canonical_elsewherePct": 15.4,
      "duplicate_valuesPct": 3.8,
      "relative_urlsPct": 0,
      "html_header_conflictPct": 0
    },
    "1,001 to 10,000": {
      "sites": 347,
      "anyError": 164,
      "invalid_code": 62,
      "missing_self": 43,
      "missing_return": 45,
      "alternate_not_200": 57,
      "canonical_elsewhere": 56,
      "duplicate_values": 6,
      "relative_urls": 9,
      "html_header_conflict": 3,
      "anyErrorPct": 47.3,
      "invalid_codePct": 17.9,
      "missing_selfPct": 12.4,
      "missing_returnPct": 13,
      "alternate_not_200Pct": 16.4,
      "canonical_elsewherePct": 16.1,
      "duplicate_valuesPct": 1.7,
      "relative_urlsPct": 2.6,
      "html_header_conflictPct": 0.9
    },
    "10,001 to 50,000": {
      "sites": 1099,
      "anyError": 642,
      "invalid_code": 187,
      "missing_self": 239,
      "missing_return": 268,
      "alternate_not_200": 212,
      "canonical_elsewhere": 291,
      "duplicate_values": 31,
      "relative_urls": 18,
      "html_header_conflict": 13,
      "anyErrorPct": 58.4,
      "invalid_codePct": 17,
      "missing_selfPct": 21.7,
      "missing_returnPct": 24.4,
      "alternate_not_200Pct": 19.3,
      "canonical_elsewherePct": 26.5,
      "duplicate_valuesPct": 2.8,
      "relative_urlsPct": 1.6,
      "html_header_conflictPct": 1.2
    },
    "50,001 to 83,000": {
      "sites": 776,
      "anyError": 371,
      "invalid_code": 109,
      "missing_self": 105,
      "missing_return": 112,
      "alternate_not_200": 123,
      "canonical_elsewhere": 118,
      "duplicate_values": 14,
      "relative_urls": 19,
      "html_header_conflict": 9,
      "anyErrorPct": 47.8,
      "invalid_codePct": 14,
      "missing_selfPct": 13.5,
      "missing_returnPct": 14.4,
      "alternate_not_200Pct": 15.9,
      "canonical_elsewherePct": 15.2,
      "duplicate_valuesPct": 1.8,
      "relative_urlsPct": 2.4,
      "html_header_conflictPct": 1.2
    }
  },
  "byCountry": {
    "ID": {
      "sites": 1564,
      "invalid_code": 16,
      "missing_return": 230,
      "alternate_not_200": 89,
      "canonical_elsewhere": 157,
      "any": 411,
      "invalid_codePct": 1,
      "missing_returnPct": 14.7,
      "alternate_not_200Pct": 5.7,
      "canonical_elsewherePct": 10,
      "anyPct": 26.3
    },
    "TH": {
      "sites": 1291,
      "invalid_code": 5,
      "missing_return": 155,
      "alternate_not_200": 95,
      "canonical_elsewhere": 71,
      "any": 310,
      "invalid_codePct": 0.4,
      "missing_returnPct": 12,
      "alternate_not_200Pct": 7.4,
      "canonical_elsewherePct": 5.5,
      "anyPct": 24
    },
    "VN": {
      "sites": 1262,
      "invalid_code": 16,
      "missing_return": 155,
      "alternate_not_200": 83,
      "canonical_elsewhere": 62,
      "any": 296,
      "invalid_codePct": 1.3,
      "missing_returnPct": 12.3,
      "alternate_not_200Pct": 6.6,
      "canonical_elsewherePct": 4.9,
      "anyPct": 23.5
    },
    "MY": {
      "sites": 960,
      "invalid_code": 4,
      "missing_return": 144,
      "alternate_not_200": 49,
      "canonical_elsewhere": 44,
      "any": 229,
      "invalid_codePct": 0.4,
      "missing_returnPct": 15,
      "alternate_not_200Pct": 5.1,
      "canonical_elsewherePct": 4.6,
      "anyPct": 23.9
    },
    "PH": {
      "sites": 699,
      "invalid_code": 121,
      "missing_return": 57,
      "alternate_not_200": 47,
      "canonical_elsewhere": 41,
      "any": 220,
      "invalid_codePct": 17.3,
      "missing_returnPct": 8.2,
      "alternate_not_200Pct": 6.7,
      "canonical_elsewherePct": 5.9,
      "anyPct": 31.5
    },
    "SG": {
      "sites": 679,
      "invalid_code": 11,
      "missing_return": 67,
      "alternate_not_200": 44,
      "canonical_elsewhere": 41,
      "any": 152,
      "invalid_codePct": 1.6,
      "missing_returnPct": 9.9,
      "alternate_not_200Pct": 6.5,
      "canonical_elsewherePct": 6,
      "anyPct": 22.4
    },
    "KH": {
      "sites": 160,
      "invalid_code": 1,
      "missing_return": 17,
      "alternate_not_200": 13,
      "canonical_elsewhere": 7,
      "any": 37,
      "invalid_codePct": 0.6,
      "missing_returnPct": 10.6,
      "alternate_not_200Pct": 8.1,
      "canonical_elsewherePct": 4.4,
      "anyPct": 23.1
    },
    "MM": {
      "sites": 158,
      "invalid_code": 16,
      "missing_return": 15,
      "alternate_not_200": 12,
      "canonical_elsewhere": 3,
      "any": 41,
      "invalid_codePct": 10.1,
      "missing_returnPct": 9.5,
      "alternate_not_200Pct": 7.6,
      "canonical_elsewherePct": 1.9,
      "anyPct": 25.9
    },
    "LA": {
      "sites": 119,
      "invalid_code": 2,
      "missing_return": 14,
      "alternate_not_200": 2,
      "canonical_elsewhere": 5,
      "any": 23,
      "invalid_codePct": 1.7,
      "missing_returnPct": 11.8,
      "alternate_not_200Pct": 1.7,
      "canonical_elsewherePct": 4.2,
      "anyPct": 19.3
    },
    "BN": {
      "sites": 72,
      "invalid_code": 1,
      "missing_return": 7,
      "alternate_not_200": 1,
      "canonical_elsewhere": 2,
      "any": 10,
      "invalid_codePct": 1.4,
      "missing_returnPct": 9.7,
      "alternate_not_200Pct": 1.4,
      "canonical_elsewherePct": 2.8,
      "anyPct": 13.9
    }
  }
}